Read and understand informational passages

  • Understand what the passage is mostly about.
  • Look at the title, headings, and first and last sentences for clues.
  • Find facts, examples, or explanations that back up the main idea.
  • Highlight or underline these important details.

Recognize common text structures:

  • Compare and contrast
  • Problem and solution
  • Chronological order
  • Description
  • Use nearby words or sentences to figure out the meaning of unfamiliar words.
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  • Ask: Is the author trying to inform, explain, persuade, or entertain?
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  • Use clues from the text plus your own knowledge to make logical guesses.
  • Read “between the lines.”
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  • These help you understand and organize the information.
  • Retell the main idea and key details in your own words.
  • Keep it short and to the point.

Read the text.

Arjun’s Apps

One stormy day, twelve-year-old Arjun Kumar was late getting home from school. It had been raining heavily near his school in Chennai, India. This delayed his school bus, and when he finally arrived, Arjun’s parents were worried and upset.

His parents’ concern gave Arjun an idea—he’d write an app. An app (or application) is a software program that tells an electronic device how to do a certain task. Most of Arjun’s classmates and their parents owned smartphones. The apps on these devices enabled them to do many things: get directions to a shop, connect to online games, share photos or track sports scores.

But there wasn’t an app to tell parents the location of their children’s school bus. Arjun decided to create one himself. He had loved technology since he was a toddler; back then, his parents piled cushions on a chair so Arjun could reach the computer. He’d recently started writing computer programs, so he felt ready to tackle an app.

While researching different ways to write apps, Arjun located an online programming tool on the website of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), a respected university in the United States. MIT was making the tool, called App Inventor, available free to anyone who wanted to use it.

Using App Inventor, Arjun created an app for schools, parents and students, which he named Ez School Bus Locator. If a school incorporated this app into its bus system, parents could log on to see the locations and estimated arrival times of their children’s school buses. Like other mapping apps, Ez School Bus Locator relied on the Global Positioning System, or GPS. GPS helps users determine their location, based on signals from a set of twenty-four satellites that orbit Earth. GPS-based apps calculate the location of a device by measuring the distances from three different GPS satellites. That’s how Arjun’s app determined where the buses were located.

The app could also confirm whether individual children were on the bus. Ez School Bus Locator used a specific barcode (a pattern of parallel lines) to identify each student. Just as the barcode on a product label identifies the product and price when a cashier scans it at the checkout counter, the student barcodes identified individual students. Students checked in when they got on and off the bus by using barcodes on their phones. As the bus driver drove, the app sent automatic messages to parents and guardians.

Does Ez School Bus Locator sound like a good idea? MIT thought so. In 2012, MIT held a contest to honour the best apps that had been created using App Inventor. Arjun’s app won first place in the division for children fourteen years old and younger, and Arjun convinced his school to try the app that same year. In 2013, the app was available for purchase online.

Arjun didn’t stop there. Since 2013, he has updated the application and worked to make it available free of charge. Arjun also continued developing new apps, including one that linked people who needed help after a flood with volunteers who wanted to help them. He even started his own software development company. When asked for pointers for other young inventors, Arjun advised, ‘Look for problems around you, and get inspired from them. You’ll see a lot of opportunities to use your skills to make this world a better place to live!’

  • It is about a student’s invention of a bus locator application.
  • It is about the life of inventor Arjun Kumar.
  • It is about the rainy weather in India and how it affects traffic.

The text is about a student’s invention of a bus locator application.

It describes how Arjun Kumar created an application to enable parents to track their children’s school buses.

Read the text.

Auntie Ocloo

Esther Afua Ocloo was born in Ghana in 1919. Her family were farmers and lacked the money to send her to school. But she was lucky: her aunt came up with the funds to send young Esther to boarding school. She did well in her classes, but when she graduated from secondary school, she had no job and almost no money. Esther had an idea, though, and she had skills.

With the sum of six shillings (less than seventy rupees), Esther invested in oranges, sugar and a dozen glass jars. Boiling down the oranges, she prepared a large batch of sweet orange marmalade. She filled the jars and sold the marmalade. This was the beginning of her first business.

Esther found that many difficulties stood in the way of a woman like her, who wanted to be in business for herself. Women who sold goods on the streets were considered ‘market women’ and were not respected as professionals. Banks were reluctant to lend money to women, especially women who didn’t own a great deal of property. That made it difficult for Esther to obtain funds to expand her business. Undaunted, Esther worked hard to grow her company. With the proceeds from her sales, Esther bought more supplies, made more marmalade and sought out more customers. Soon she was also making orange juice and selling her products to her secondary school. Then she signed a contract to provide supplies to the army. She brought the signed army contract into a bank to demonstrate that she had good prospects for future earnings. Finally, she convinced the bank to give her a loan. In 1942, Esther established Nkulenu Industries, Ghana’s first company devoted to processing and selling local food.

Through hard work, Esther built a successful business. As Nkulenu grew, she realised that learning more about food preparation and processing would help her improve her company. She came to England to take courses about the business of making and selling food products.

Returning to Ghana, Esther taught Ghanaian women the skills she had learned, including food preparation and business management. She worked to convince people of the importance of supporting local foods, rather than importing what they ate. She also sought new ways to support local women in their own business undertakings.

In the 1970s, realising that women still faced discrimination from banks, Esther addressed the situation directly. She helped start an organisation called Women’s World Banking, which provides women with small loans to start and run small businesses. This organisation arranged millions of small loans for women across the developing world. Esther pointed out that such loans helped not only the recipients, but also their families and their entire communities by letting small businesses thrive. 

Widely known as ‘Auntie Ocloo’, Esther became famous not just for being rich, but for helping other women succeed in business. In 1990, Auntie Ocloo became the first woman to receive the Africa Prize for Leadership; she was also the first female winner of the Gottlieb Duttweiler Prize. She received many awards for her work in assisting others, especially women. After her death in 2002, a state funeral in her honour was attended by many dignitaries. Ghana’s former president spoke, calling Auntie Ocloo ‘a creator’ who had helped build the nation.

  • It is about Esther Ocloo’s life and accomplishments as a businesswoman.
  • It is about the best ways to build and grow a successful business.
  • It is about Esther Ocloo and the movement for women’s rights in England.

The text is about Esther Ocloo’s life and accomplishments as a businesswoman.

It describes how Esther Afua Ocloo, known as ‘Auntie Ocloo’, built a thriving business, as well as how she went on to help others after becoming successful.

Read the text.

Arjun’s Apps

One stormy day, twelve-year-old Arjun Kumar was late getting home from school. It had been raining heavily near his school in Chennai, India. This delayed his school bus, and when he finally arrived, Arjun’s parents were worried and upset.

His parents’ concern gave Arjun an idea—he’d write an app. An app (or application) is a software program that tells an electronic device how to do a certain task. Most of Arjun’s classmates and their parents owned smartphones. The apps on these devices enabled them to do many things: get directions to a shop, connect to online games, share photos or track sports scores.

But there wasn’t an app to tell parents the location of their children’s school bus. Arjun decided to create one himself. He had loved technology since he was a toddler; back then, his parents piled cushions on a chair so Arjun could reach the computer. He’d recently started writing computer programs, so he felt ready to tackle an app.

While researching different ways to write apps, Arjun located an online programming tool on the website of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), a respected university in the United States. MIT was making the tool, called App Inventor, available free to anyone who wanted to use it.

Using App Inventor, Arjun created an app for schools, parents and students, which he named Ez School Bus Locator. If a school incorporated this app into its bus system, parents could log on to see the locations and estimated arrival times of their children’s school buses. Like other mapping apps, Ez School Bus Locator relied on the Global Positioning System, or GPS. GPS helps users determine their location, based on signals from a set of twenty-four satellites that orbit Earth. GPS-based apps calculate the location of a device by measuring the distances from three different GPS satellites. That’s how Arjun’s app determined where the buses were located.

The app could also confirm whether individual children were on the bus. Ez School Bus Locator used a specific barcode (a pattern of parallel lines) to identify each student. Just as the barcode on a product label identifies the product and price when a cashier scans it at the checkout counter, the student barcodes identified individual students. Students checked in when they got on and off the bus by using barcodes on their phones. As the bus driver drove, the app sent automatic messages to parents and guardians.

Does Ez School Bus Locator sound like a good idea? MIT thought so. In 2012, MIT held a contest to honour the best apps that had been created using App Inventor. Arjun’s app won first place in the division for children fourteen years old and younger, and Arjun convinced his school to try the app that same year. In 2013, the app was available for purchase online.

Arjun didn’t stop there. Since 2013, he has updated the application and worked to make it available free of charge. Arjun also continued developing new apps, including one that linked people who needed help after a flood with volunteers who wanted to help them. He even started his own software development company. When asked for pointers for other young inventors, Arjun advised, ‘Look for problems around you, and get inspired from them. You’ll see a lot of opportunities to use your skills to make this world a better place to live!’

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